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Journal of Adolescent Research
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Interrelationships Among Identity Process, Content, and Structure: A Cross-Cultural Investigation

Michael D. Berzonsky

State University of New York at Cortland

Petr Macek

Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

Jari-Erik Nurmi

University of Jyväskylä, Finland

This study was designed to investigate hypothesized relationships among identity process, content, and structure with youth living in three different cultural contexts: the United States, Finland, and the Czech Republic. Results indicated that youth who used an informational identity processing style had well-structured identities that were rooted in personal self-elements. Youth who used a normative processing style also had well-consolidated identities but ones anchored in collective self-elements. Youth who relied on a diffuse/avoidant identity processing style lacked firm identity commitments and emphasized social self-components in defining their sense of identity. This pattern of relationships was found for both male and female youth living within all three cultural contexts.

Key Words: identity style • collective identity • diffuse/avoidance • cross-cultural • self-identity

Journal of Adolescent Research, Vol. 18, No. 2, 112-130 (2003)
DOI: 10.1177/0743558402250344
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 Youth SocietyHome page
S. J. Schwartz, J. E. Cote, and J. J. Arnett
Identity and Agency in Emerging Adulthood: Two Developmental Routes in the Individualization Process
Youth Society, December 1, 2005; 37(2): 201 - 229.
[Abstract] [PDF]