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The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure
A New Scale for Use with Diverse Groups
Jean S. Phinney
California State University at Los Angeles
Ethnic identity is an important component of the self-concept and, like other aspects of identity, can be particularly salient during adolescence. Most research on ethnic identity has focused on the unique elements that distinguish particular ethnic groups. However, it is important as well to study and compare ethnic identity and its correlates across groups. This article presents a questionnaire measure of ethnic identity based on the elements of ethnic identity that are common across groups, so that it can be used with all ethnic groups. The questionnaire was administered to 417 high school students and 136 college students from ethnically diverse schools. Reliability, assessed by Cronbach 's alpha, was .81 for the high school sample and .9Ofor the college sample. The relationship of ethnic identity to various demographic variables and to self-esteem was examined. The measure can be used to examine similarities and differences in ethnlic identity and its correlates among youths from different ethnic groups.
Journal of Adolescent Research, Vol. 7, No. 2,
156-176 (1992)
DOI: 10.1177/074355489272003
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29(1):
5 - 31.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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A. J. Umana-Taylor and M. A. Fine
Examining Ethnic Identity among Mexican-Origin Adolescents Living in the United States
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences,
February 1, 2004;
26(1):
36 - 59.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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R. M. Lee
The Transracial Adoption Paradox: History, Research, and Counseling Implications of Cultural Socialization.
The Counseling Psychologist,
November 1, 2003;
31(6):
711 - 744.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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J. G. Ponterotto, D. Gretchen, S. O. Utsey, T. Stracuzzi, and R. Saya Jr.
The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM): Psychometric Review and Further Validity Testing
Educational and Psychological Measurement,
June 1, 2003;
63(3):
502 - 515.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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L. Leets
Disentangling Perceptions of Subtle Racist Speech: A Cultural Perspective
Journal of Language and Social Psychology,
June 1, 2003;
22(2):
145 - 168.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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A. Smith and R. N. Lalonde
"Racelessness" in a Canadian Context? Exploring the Link between Black Students' Identity, Achievement, and Mental Health
Journal of Black Psychology,
May 1, 2003;
29(2):
142 - 164.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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C. I. Carlson, K. D. Wilson, and J. L. Hargrave
The Effect of School Racial Composition on Hispanic Intergroup Relations
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
April 1, 2003;
20(2):
203 - 220.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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U. Ben-Shalom and G. Horenczyk
Acculturation Orientations: A Facet Theory Perspective on the Bidimensional Model
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,
March 1, 2003;
34(2):
176 - 188.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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J. K. Swim, L. L. Hyers, L. L. Cohen, D. C. Fitzgerald, and W. H. Bylsma
African American College Students' Experiences With Everyday Racism: Characteristics of and Responses to These Incidents
Journal of Black Psychology,
February 1, 2003;
29(1):
38 - 67.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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L. Y. Flores, L. B. Spanierman, and E. M. Obasi
Ethical and Professional Issues in Career Assessment With Diverse Racial and Ethnic Groups
Journal of Career Assessment,
February 1, 2003;
11(1):
76 - 95.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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S. Kim and L. B. Arthur
Asian-American Consumers in Hawai'i: The Effects of Ethnic Identification On Attitudes Toward and Ownership of Ethnic Apparel, Importance of Product and Store-Display Attributes, and Purchase Intention
Clothing and Textiles Research Journal,
January 1, 2003;
21(1):
8 - 18.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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G. Gamst, R. H. Dana, A. Der-Karabetian, M. Aragon, L. M. Arellano, and T. Kramer
Effects of Latino Acculturation and Ethnic Identity on Mental Health Outcomes
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences,
November 1, 2002;
24(4):
479 - 504.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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M. S. Chapell and W. F. Overton
Development of Logical Reasoning and the School Performance of African American Adolescents in Relation to Socioeconomic Status, Ethnic Identity, and Self-Esteem
Journal of Black Psychology,
November 1, 2002;
28(4):
295 - 317.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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D. Chrobot-Mason and K. M. Thomas
Minority Employees in Majority Organizations: The Intersection of Individual and Organizational Racial Identity in the Workplace
Human Resource Development Review,
September 1, 2002;
1(3):
323 - 344.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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L. M. Arpan
When in Rome? The Effects of Spokesperson Ethnicity on Audience Evaluation of Crisis Communication
Journal of Business Communication,
July 1, 2002;
39(3):
314 - 339.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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M. L. Harthun, A. E. Drapeau, P. A. Dustman, and F. F. Marsiglia
Implementing a Prevention Curriculum: An Effective Researcher-Teacher Partnership
Education and Urban Society,
May 1, 2002;
34(3):
353 - 364.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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A. J. Umana-Taylor, M. Diversi, and M. A. Fine
Ethnic Identity and Self-Esteem of Latino Adolescents: Distinctions Among The Latino Populations
Journal of Adolescent Research,
May 1, 2002;
17(3):
303 - 327.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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M. Verkuyten and P. Brug
Ethnic Identity Achievement, Self-Esteem, and Discrimination among Surinamese Adolescents in the Netherlands
Journal of Black Psychology,
May 1, 2002;
28(2):
122 - 141.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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F. C. Worrell
Global and Domain-Specific Self-Concepts in Academically Talented Asian American and White Adolescents
Gifted Child Quarterly,
April 1, 2002;
46(2):
90 - 97.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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K. P. Alessandria
Acknowledging White Ethnic Groups in Multicultural Counseling
The Family Journal,
January 1, 2002;
10(1):
57 - 60.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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L. Y. Flores and M. J. Heppner
Multicultural Career Counseling: Ten Essentials for Training
Journal of Career Development,
January 1, 2002;
28(3):
181 - 202.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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